Kayseri

Kayseri
—  city  —
Kayseri is located in Turkey
Kayseri
Location of Kayseri, Turkey
Coordinates:
Country  Turkey
Region Central Anatolia
Province Kayseri
Elevation 1,050 m (3,445 ft)
Population (2007)[1]
 - Total 1,165,088
Time zone EET (UTC+2)
 - Summer (DST) EEST (UTC+3)
Postal code 38x xx
Area code(s) (+90) 352
Licence plate 38
Website www.kayseri.bel.tr
www.kayseri.gov.tr
A traditional Kayseri house and Mount Erciyes

Kayseri (Ottoman Turkish: قیصریه; Greek: Καισάρεια/Kaisareia; Latin: Caesarea Mazaca, Armenian: Մաժաք/Mažak), named in classical antiquity as Mazaka or Mazaca, Eusebia, Caesarea Cappadociae, and later as Kaisariyah,[2] is a large and industrialized city in Central Anatolia, Turkey. It is the seat of Kayseri Province. The city of Kayseri, as defined by the boundaries of Kayseri Metropolitan Municipality, is structurally composed of five metropolitan districts, the two core districts of Kocasinan and Melikgazi, and since 2004, also Hacılar, İncesu and Talas. In conjunction with the addition of new districts and first stage municipalities into the metropolitan area, the city's population, which was 690,000 in 2000, is currently 911,984.[3]

Kayseri is marked by the Mount Erciyes that towers in the horizon south of the city. Its inhabitants (Kayserili) are renowned for their alertness, entrepreneurial spirit and a strict understanding regarding the management of economies, the last point having been the subject of more than a few legends in Turkey. The city itself is a blend of wealth, modernity and provincial conservatism[4] and is often cited in the first ranks among Turkey's cities that fit the definition of Anatolian Tigers.[5]

Renowned for its culinary specialties such as mantı, pastirma and sucuk, the city is also rich in historical monuments (dating especially from the Seljuk period). While it is generally visited en-route to the international tourist attractions of Cappadocia, Kayseri has many visitor's attractions by its own right; Seljuk monuments in and around the center, Mount Erciyes as trekking and alpinism center, Zamantı River as rafting center, the historic sites of Ağırnas (Sinan the Architect's village), Talas (home to the former Talas American College), Germir (Elia Kazan's village) and Develi to name a few. Kayseri is served by Erkilet International Airport and is home to Erciyes University.

Contents

History

View of the city and the Gevher Nesibe Medical Center, built in 1210

Kayseri has been a continuous settlement since 3000 BCE. The city has always been a vital trade center since it is located on major trade routes, particularly along what was called the Great Silk Road. Kültepe, one of the oldest cities in Asia Minor, lies nearby.

As Mazaca, the city served as the residence of the kings of Cappadocia. In ancient times, it was on the crossroads of the trade routes from Sinope to the Euphrates and from the Persian Royal Road that extended from Sardis to Susa. In Roman times, a similar route from Ephesus to the East also crossed the city.

The city's name was changed to Eusebia in honor of the Cappadocian king Ariathes V (163–130 BC). The name was changed again to Caesarea by the last Cappadocian King Archelaus[2] or perhaps by Tiberius.[6]

Caesarea stood on a low spur on the north side of Mount Erciyes (Mons Argaeus in ancient times). The site, now called the old town, diplays only a few traces from the old town. It was destroyed by the Sassanid king Shapur I of Persia after his victory over the Emperor Valerian I in 260 CE. At the time it was recorded to have around 400,000 inhabitants. In the 4th century, bishop Basil established an ecclesiastical centre on the plain, about one mile to the northeast, which gradually supplanted the old town. A portion of Basil's new city was surrounded with strong walls and turned into a fortress by Justinian.

The Arab general Muawija invaded Cappadocia and took Caesarea from the Byzantines temporarily in AD 647.[7] The city was called Kaisariyah by the Arabs and later Kayseri[2] when it was captured shortly by the Seljuk sultan Alp Arslan in 1064. It became one of the most prominent centers of at first the Danishmendids (1074–1178) , and afterwards the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate (1178–1243), until it fell to the Mongols in 1243. Within the walls lies the greater part of Kayseri rebuilt between the 13th and 16th centuries. The city became Ottoman in the 15th century.

Thus, there were three golden-age periods for Kayseri. The first, dating back to 2000BC, was when the city was a trade post between the Assyrians and the Hittites. The second golden age came during the Roman rule (200 - 300 AD). The third golden age was during the reign of Seljuks (1178–1243), when the city was the second capital of the state.

Kayseri Castle in 1897

The 1500-year-old castle, built initially by the Byzantines, is still standing in good shape at the central square of the city. The short-lived Seljuk rule left large number of historical landmarks; historical buildings such as the Hunad Hatun complex, Kilij Arslan Mosque, The Grand Mosque and Gevher Nesibe asylum. The Grand Bazaar dates from the latter part of the 1800s, but the adjacent caravanserai (where merchant traders gathered before forming a caravan) dates from around 1500. An Armenian church from the 19th century still operates as a church; another from the same period is used as a gymnasium. However, apart from these few, large, religious and secular constructions, most of Kayseri is modern. The town's older districts (which were filled with ornate mansion-houses mostly dating from the 18th and 19th centuries) were subjected to wholesale demolitions starting in the 1970s.[8] The city is famous for its carpet sellers, and a range of carpets and rugs can be purchased reasonably ranging from new to 50 or more years old.

In the 4th century the city became central to early Christianity when St. Basil the Great established an ecclesiastical centre here.[4]. It is a Roman Catholic titular see[9] and was the seat of an Armenian diocese.[10]

The building that hosts Kayseri Lisesi was arranged to host the Turkish Grand National Assembly during the Turkish War of Independence when the Greek army had advanced very close to Ankara, the base of the Turkish National Movement.

Political structure

The city of Kayseri consists of the following metropolitan districts:

Metropolitan districts of Kayseri.
Name
Akkışla
Bünyan
Develi
Felâhiye
Hacılar
İncesu
Kocasinan
Melikgâzi
Özvatan
Sarıoğlan
Sarız
Talas
Tomarza
Yahyâlı
Yeşilhisar

Economy

The City Museum in Kültürpark
A hotel building in Kayseri

Kayseri received notable public investments in the 1920s and 1930s. Sumer Textile and Kayseri Tayyare Fabrikasi (airplane builder) were set up here during the early Republican Era with the help of German and particularly Russian experts. The latter manufactured first aircraft "made in Turkey" in the 1940s. After the 1950s, the city suffered from a decrease in the amount of public investment. It was, however, during the same years that Kayseri businessmen and merchants became transformed into countrywide capitalists. Families such as Sabancı, Has, Dedeman and Ozilhan who started out as small-scale merchants in the city of Kayseri became prominent actors in the Turkish economy. However, these families set up their headquarters in cities such as Istanbul and Adana, nevertheless often coming back to Kayseri to invest.

Thanks to the economic liberalization policies introduced in the 1980s, a new wave of merchants and industrialists from Kayseri also joined their predecessors. Most of these new industrialists choose Kayseri as base of their operations. As a consequence of better infrastructures, the city achieved a remarkable industrial growth since 2000 and is one of the key cities that characterizes the class of Anatolian Tigers, with a favorable environment present especially for small and medium enterprises. Some social scientists trace this economic success to a modernist Islamic outlook referred to as "Islamic Calvinism" which they say is taking root in Kayseri.[11]

Transport

Kayseri Train Station
Erkilet International Airport

The city is served by Erkilet International Airport and the International Air Transport Association symbol for the airport is ASR. The airport is at a short distance from Kayseri center. There are several flights per day to Istanbul, Turkey's premium air transportation hub. Since the air transportation industry in Turkey is presently registering a fast growth rate, new flights from Kayseri to several other localities in Turkey and outside Turkey are soon to be expected.

Kayseri is connected to the rest of country with railroad service. There are four trains per day to Ankara. To the east there are two branches: one to Kars and Doğukapi toward Armenia, and another to Tatvan on the west shore of Lake Van.

Since the city is located in central Turkey, transportation via cars and buses are highly efficient. It takes approximately 3 hours to reach Ankara, approximately 3 hours to Mediterranean shores and 45 minutes to Cappadocia. The symbol of the city, Mount Erciyes, which is a notable ski center in winters and a trekker's paradise in summers, is at only 30 minutes' drive from the city centre.

The transportation within the city relies mainly on buses, dolmuş, and personal vehicles. A light rail transit system called Kayseray is under construction and is expected to open in one year.

Sports

Kadir Has Stadium

The city has one professional football team competing in the top-flight of Turkish football - Kayserispor, currently playing in the Turkcell Super League. Another team from the region, Kayseri Erciyesspor, was relegated to the second league last year.

Kayserispor is one of the most promising teams in Turkey, and has finished fifth in the league for two seasons in a row. It is also the only Turkish team to have won the UEFA Intertoto Cup, in 2007.

Sports venues

Football stadia

Opened in 1964, this is currently the main stadium in the region, and is shared by the two football clubs, Kayserispor and Kayseri Erciyesspor. It has a capacity of 25,918 (all-seater) and is mostly uncovered.

On September 17, 1967, during a match played between Kayseri Erciyesspor and Sivasspor a disaster occurred with 40 dead and at least 300 injuries among the fans, which was the worst sporting-related event in Turkey. The violence spread out of the stadium, when some hooligans from Sivas vandalized in the city.

The new stadium of Kayseri, as part of the Atatürk Spor Complex, is located in the outskirts of the city. It will hold at least 33,000 people (all-seater) and it is totally covered. It is shared by the two Kayserian football clubs, as before, and the Kadir Has Stadium is the new home for both teams. The stadium and surrounding sports complex are served by the Light-rail system, Kayseray, making access to the complex easier for travelling locals. The completion date was early 2009. The inauguration of stadium was made with Kayserispor - Fenerbahce league match.

Indoor arenas

This is an indoor arena complex, which was opened in 2008. It has an all-seater capacity of 7,200 people.

Education

Mimar Sinan Park

Kayseri Lisesi High School, established in 1893, is one of the oldest high-schools in Turkey. In 2000, the private Kılıçarslan High School in Kayseri and Anatoli College in Salonica became sister schools.

The city's largest university, The Erciyes University that was founded in 1978 is a continuation of a number of schools founded in 1206 and 1956.[12]

Notable Kayserians

(alphabetical order)

International relations

Twin towns — Sister cities

Kayseri is twinned with: (in alphabetical order)

See also

References

  1. ↑ http://report.tuik.gov.tr/reports/rwservlet?adnks = &report = turkiye_il_koy_sehir.RDF&p_kod = 1&desformat = html&ENVID = adnksEnv (TÜİK)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Everett-Heath, John (2005). = Main&entry = t209.e3530 "Kayseri". Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press. http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview = Main&entry = t209.e3530. Retrieved 12 1 1 2007. ""The original name was changed to Eusebia after Ariarathes V Eusebes, King of Cappadocia (163–130 BC). It was changed again by Archelaus (d. 17), last King of Cappadocia (36 BC–AD 14) and a Roman puppet, to Caesarea (in Cappadocia, to distinguish it from other cities with the same name) in honour of Caesar Augustus†. When the Arabs arrived they amended the name to Kaisariyah and this became Kayseri when the Seljuk Turks took control c.1080. It was annexed to the Ottoman Empire in 1515."" 
  3. ↑ [1]
  4. ↑ Vincent Boland. Article: "Marriage of old and new sways voters in Turkey". Financial Times. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/d28e6bfe-200e-11dc-9eb1-000b5df10621.html Article:. Retrieved 2007-06-21. 
  5. ↑ ESI. Full text "Islamic Calvinists: Change and Conservatism in Central Anatolia". European Stability Initiative, Berlin. http://www.esiweb.org/pdf/esi_document_id_69.pdf Full text. Retrieved 2005-09-19. 
  6. ↑ Catholic Encyclopedia
  7. ↑ Ostrogorsky, George. History of the Byzantine State. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1969. Pg 116.
  8. ↑ [2] Traditional houses in Kayseri
  9. ↑ "Caesarea in Cappadocia". Catholic Hierarchy. http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/d3c20.html. 
  10. ↑ "Caesarea". Catholic Encyclopedia. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03133b.htm. 
  11. ↑ http://www.esiweb.org/index.php?lang=en&id=156&document_ID=69
  12. ↑ http://i-cias.com/e.o/kayseri.htm
  13. ↑ [3]

External links

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